2 The Writing Process
a Planning
b Drafting
c Researching
d Revising
e Editing
f Writing with computers
g When English is your second language ESL
3 Inventing And Discovering
a Brainstorming
b Freewriting ESL
c Looping
d Asking questions
e Outlining
f Clustering
5 Recounting Experience
a Topic
b Character
c Perspective
d Setting
e Events
f Theme
g The paper (student essay)
6 Explaining Things
a Purpose
b Topic
c Thesis
d Strategies
e Organization
f Neutral perspective
g The paper (student essay)
7 Interpreting Texts
a Interpretive essays
b Text exploration
c Topic
d Interpretation
e The paper (student essay)
14 Sentence Structure
a Coordination of equal ideas
b Effective coordination
c Subordination of ideas
d Effective subordination ESL
e Sentence flow
f Parallel structures
g Effective parallelism
16 Vitality
a Concrete, specific nouns
and modifiers ESL
b Strong verbs
c Active or passive voice? ESL
17 Conciseness
a Vague generalities
b Idle words
c Redundancy
d Elliptical constructions
e Pretentious language
f Euphemisms
18 Word Choice
a Dictionary and thesaurus
b Word meanings
c Idioms ESL
d Slang, regionalisms,
and colloquialisms
e Jargon
f Figurative language
g Clichés
21 Sentence Fragments
a Fragments without verbs or subjects
b Dependent clause fragments ESL
c For special effects
22 Comma Splices And Fused Sentences
a With coordinating conjunction
b With semicolon
c With colon
d By separating sentences
e By using subordination
f By creating one independent clause